September 26, 2019

Searching for the Parents, Brothers and Sisters of Maytor and Nellie


Healy Surname History


There is an English surname Healy, derived from the Old English Heah, "high" and leah, "clearing", "wood", but almost all of those bearing the name in Ireland are descendants of one of two Irish families, the O'hEilidhe, from eilidhe, "claimant", and the O hEaladaighthe, from ealadhach, "ingenious". 
The 
O'hEilidhe had territory in south-east Co. Sligo, on the shores of Lough Arrow, one of the most beautiful parts of the country. 
The 
O hEaladaighthe were based in the parish of donoghmore in Muskerry in Co. Cork where they retained considerable power and wealth up to the seventeenth century.   The Healy surname is very common and widespread today, though significant concentrations are to be found around the orignal homelands of Connacht and Cork.  The best-known modern bearer of the name was John Healy, of the Connacht family, renowned for his passionate defence of the rural way of life.


Griffith's Propery Valuation 1847- 1864

In the absence of any surviving pre-1901 censuses, beyond a few fragments held at individual parishes, The Griffith's Property Valuation is the most comprehensive mid-19th century resource available and can direct genealogists to the exact plot of land where their ancestor lived.

The Primary Valuation of Ireland or Griffith's Valuation 1847- 1864, 
was carried out between 1847 and 1864 to determine liability to pay the Poor rate (for the support of the poor and destitute within each Poor Law Union) - provides detailed information on where some people lived in Ireland and the property they possessed.   Be advised many of the population, especially in rural communities did not lease let alone, own land or property, those people will not appear on these records.

The Griffith's Valuation is a land survey and not a complete census of households,
only the head of each household is identified.   Family relationships and other personal information were not recorded.  For this reason, few women and no children are included.   The very poorest ie those who lived on the verge of vagrancy in makeshift or temporary hovels were also excluded, and during the Famine years 1847-1852, especially in the rural communites this population of people greatly increased so don't expect to find them on these records.
It is important to know the year the information was gathered for the county where your ancestor resided.   See the map below:


Dates of publication for each county - from Irish Genealogy Toolkit


It is also important to take into account the fast decrease in population from 1840 to 1860 due to death and immigration.  The Library Ireland provides the following population statistics.   From 1841 to 1851 Ireland's entire population fell approx. 1,623,000.   County Kerry (Munster)  specifically decreased by nearly 27,000 - over half of the population.

John Grenham, using the Index of the Griffith Valuation Records found at Ask About Ireland, John Grehnam compiled the following information for the Healy and Donovan surnames in Co. Kerry for the year 1852.  Grenham's site can be searched for a fee.  



Healy Surname - household numbers by county in Griffith's Valuation Index 1852 

The above link will take you to John Grehnam's interactive map.  He provides complete sources and links to find additional records, journals and books.

The above chart was created using the Index of Griffith's Valuations.   It shows how many the number of Healy households by county and is searchable on the John Grenham website

On the Griffith's Valuation Index the Healy surname is most concentrated in County Cork - 450 households. 
County Kerry is the 2nd highest - 220

25 Healy households in Kilgarvan parish,  16 households in Kenmare parish in 1852

John Grenham's interactive map and chart provides comprehensive information about the Healy households in Co. Kerry 1852 


The Kilgarvan parish had the highest concentration of Healy households on the Griffith's Valuation Index.   

The index of the Griffith's Valuation lists 33 Healys in Kilgarvan parish in 1852, who were tenants or landlords. 
  1.  Meter Healy - tenant, townland Caher East, landlord Marquis of Lansdowne, page 14, 1852, sheet 93
  2.  Denis Sullivan, townland Caher East, landlord Meter Healy, page 15, 1852, sheet 93
  3.  J. Healy - tenant, townland Caher East, landlord Richard Mayberry, page 22, 1852, sheet 93
  4.  Timothy Healy - tenant, townland Gortagass, landlord William Bohan, page 19, 1852, sheet 93
  5.  Matthew Sullivan, townland Gortalinny North, landlord Timothy Healy, page 32, 1852, sheet 93
  6.  Daniel Brenan, townland Gortalinny North, landlord Timothy Healy, page 35, 1852, sheet 93
  7.  Timothy Healy - tenant, townland Gortalinny North, landlord Richard Duckett, page 37, 1852, sheet 93
  8.  Timothy Healy - tenant, townland Gortalinny North, landlord Richard Duckett, page 39, 1852, sheet 93
  9.  Matthew Sullivan, townland Islands, landlord Timothy Healy, page 39, 1852, sheet 93
  10.  Thadeus Healy - tenant, townland Kenmare, landlord Marquis of Lansdowne, page 22, 1852, sheet 93
  11.  Thadeus Healy - tenant, townland Kenmare, landlord Irvine Nathaniel, page 23, 1852, sheet 93
  12.  Ellen Healy - tenant, townland Kenmare, place name Main St. (or William St.) landlord Thomas McCarthy, page 8, 1852, sheet 93
  13.  Timothy Healy - tenant, townland Kenmare, place name Main St. (or William St.) landlord Timothy Healy, page 13, 1852, sheet 93
  14.  Mortimer Sullivan, townland Kenmare, place name Main St. (or William St.), landlord Catherine Healy, page 29, 1852, sheet 93
  15.  Maurice Lane, townland Kenmare, place name Main St. (or William St.), landlord Catherine Healy, page 30, 1852, sheet 93
  16.  Daniel Healy - tenant, townland Kenmareplace name Main St. (or William St.), landlord Honoria Sullivan, page 30, 1852, sheet 93
  17.  Catherine Healy - tenant, townland Kenmareplace name Main St. (or William St.) landlord Garrett Riordan, page 48, 1852, sheet 93
  18.  Patrick Deady - townland Kenmare, place name Main St. (or William St.), landlord Catherine Healy, page 49, 1852, sheet 93
  19.  Peter Healy - tenant, townland Kenmare, place name Heney St., landlord Mary Sullivan, page 51, 1852, sheet 93
  20.  John Shea, townland Kenmare, place name Heney St., landlord Catherine Healy, page 54, 1852, sheet 93
  21.  Thadeus Healy - tenant, townland Kenmare, place name Downing's Lane, landlord Eugene Downing, page 59, 1852, sheet 93
  22.  Catherine Healy, townland Kenmare, place name Rock Lane, landlord Daniel Hegarty, page 13, 1852, sheet 93
  23.  Mary Healy - tenant, townland Kilgortaree, landlord Cornelius Hawkes, page 36, 1852, sheet 93
  24.  Mary Healy - tenant, townland Kilgortaree, landlord Cornelius Hawkes, page 37, 1852, sheet 93
  25.  Mary Healy - tenant, townland Kilgortaree, landlord Cornelius Hawkes, page 2, 1852, sheet 93
  26.  Meater Healy - tenant, townland Letter Upper, landlord Rev. Daniel Healy, page 20, 1852, sheet 93,94
  27.  Mary Healy - tenant, townland Letter Upper, landlord Rev. Daniel Healy, page 21, 1852, sheet 93,94
  28.  Mary Sullivan, townland Letter Upper, landlord Rev. Daniel Healy, page 22, 1852, sheet 93,94
  29.  Unoccupied, townland Letter Upper, landlord Rev. Daniel Healy, page 23, 1852, sheet 93,94
  30.  Timothy Healy, townland Musksna, landlord Marquis of Lansdowne, page 11, 1852, sheet 93, 102
  31.  Oliver Healy, townland Musksna, landord Marquis of Lansdowne, page 11, 1852, sheet 93,102
  32.  Oliver Healy, townland Rusheens, landlord Marquis of Lansdowne, page 34, 1852, sheet 102,93
  33.  Unoccupied, townland Rusheens, landlord Oliver Healy, page 38, 1852, sheet 102,93

Donovan Surname concentration by county in the Index of Griffith's Valuation (1847-64) 

The above link will take you to John Grehnam's Donovan household interactive map.  He provides complete sources and links to find additional records, journals and books for the Donovan surname. 




The Donovan households were extremely concentrated in County Cork on the Griffith's Valuation = 1,723 households.   However, the Index lists  64 Donovan households in County Kerry for 1852.  Four are located in the townland Mangerton.   

The Index of the Griffith's Valuation 1847-64, lists  Nine Donovan surnames in the Kilgarvan parish in 1852 
  1. John Donovan, townland Churchground, landlord Rev. James Going, page 8, 1852, sheet 85,94
  2. Johanna Donovan, townland Coologes, landlord Timothy Donohoe, page 32, 1852, sheet 85
  3. Jeremiah Donovan, townland Inchimore, landlord Colonel Drummond, page 12, 1852, sheet 103,94
  4. Jeremiah Donovan, townland Inchimore, landlord Richard Mahony, page 13, 1852, sheet 103, 94
  5. Jeremiah Donovan (landlord), townland Inchmore, tenant Public Works, page 14, 1852, sheet 103,94
  6. Isabella Donovan, townland Mangerton, landlord Edward Hartopp, page 16, 1852, sheet 84,85,74,75
  7. Jeremiah Donovan, townland Mangerton, landlord Edward Hartopp, page 22, 1852, sheet 84,85,74,75
  8. Isabella Donavan, townland Mangerton, landlord Edward Hartopp, page 30, 1852, sheet 84,85,74,75
  9. Jeremiah Donovan, townland Mangerton, landlord Edward Hartopp, page 36, 1852, sheet 84,85,74,75

Variations in surname spelling.    According to John Grenham's research, there are 
49 Donovan surname variations and 10 Healy surname variations in non-Griffith's Valuation records


My Conclusions - from the Griffith's Property Valuation Census

Record #1 , Meter Healy in Caher East, Kilgarvan is a record of Maytor and Nellie in 1852. 
Record #3 , J Healy in Caher East, Kilgarvan 1852.   Is possibly Maytor's relative. 
It is probable that both the Healy's and Donovan's were originally from County Cork or Co. Sligo. 

We know from later death records that Nellie's father was named Dan Donovan and her mother's name was Belle.  Additionally Maytor and Nellie named one of their daughters Arabella (Belinda, Belle), therefore it is probable that the above records of Isabelle and Jeremiah Donovan in Mangerton, 1852 are relations of Nellie.


Search the Index of the Griffith's Valuation here at Ask About Ireland



Valuation Office Books

The National Archives of Ireland lists 493 Healy households in County Kerry from 1847 - 1864.   In 1849 and 1850 the INDEX lists  8 possible records of Maytor Healy in the Kenmare area of Co. Kerry
1.   Meater Healy, 15 Aug 1849, Letter Upper, Kenmare, Kerry, lessor is blank, description is blank

2.   Meater Healy, 11 July 1850, Waterville, Dromond, Kerry
3.   Meateri Healy, 11 July 1850, Waterville, Dromond, Kerry
4.   Meaters Healy, 29 April 1850, Waterville, Dromond, Kerry


5.   Metre Healy occupier, 15 Aug 1849, Letter Upper, Kenmare, lessor Daniel 

6.   Metre Healy occupier, 15 Aug 1849, Letter Upper, Kenmare, lessor Rev. Daniel Healy, description

7.   Metre Healy occupier, 15 Aug 1849, Letter Upper, Kenmare, lessor Rev. Daniel Healy, description house and land

8.   Metre Healy occupier, 15 Aug 1849, Letter Upper, Kenmare, lessor Marquis of Lansdowne,  description - Office and Land



The entries 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the index are all for this image   


Valuation Office Books Imageon January 27, 1852 the following people were living together in one household in Mangerton
The Healy names are linked to the index. 

J. Sullivan, Jeremiah Dogle, D. Sullivan, Widow Sullivan, Jeremiah Healy, James Healy,  Isabella Donovan,  Dan Sullivan,  Dc Sullivan, Ds Sullivan, Ds Sullivan, Ds Brian, Jeremiah Donovan, Widow Mary Sullivan 

Property Valuation Census -  Healy and Donovan Household in Mangerton,  page 148, 149 of log book, 27 January 1852
Jas Healy occupier of house and offices
Widow Isabella Donovan occupier of house and offices
Dan Sullivan




My Conclusions of the Valuation Office Books

1.   In 1849  a "Maytor" Healy was leasing a house, office and land from Rev. Daniel Healy.   
Mary Healy leased a house next door to Maytor, she may be a possible relation.   Letter Upper is located





Search the index for the Valuation Office Books here at the National Archives of Ireland

Search the record images of the Valuation Office Books here at the National Archives of Ireland





The Tithe Applotment Books

The Tithe Applotment books were compiled between 1823 and 1837 in order to determine the amount occupiers of agricultural holdings over one acre should pay in tithes to the Church of Ireland. 

Search the Tithe Applotment Books here
Browse the records by location here

There are 145 Healy surnames in Co. Kerry
11 are living in the Kilgarvan parish

1.   Tim Healy, Baranastooky, 1826
2.   Daniel Healy, Baranstooky, 1826
3.   Peter Healy, Baranstooky, 1826

4.   Darby Healy, Barenagerane Lower, 1826
5.   Darby Healy, Coomelshorane, 1826
6.   Tim Healy, Cummeen Upper, 1826
      (Darley Donovan, #2 below is on the same record)
7.   Denis Healy, Lower Churchground, 1826
8.   Daniel Healy, Dromanacolman Lower, 1826
9.   Tim Healy, Meelagh, 1826
      listed as occupying the same land with Denis Donovan. 
      Also #3 below, Daniel Donovan, Mangerton is listed on the same
      record.   

10.   Timothy, Healy, Russigtora, 1826
11.   Denis Healy, Cahir, 1826
12.   Paddy Healy, Knuckeens, 1826

1,2,3 are occupying the same land.   4 is on the same record.  


There are 37 Donovan surnames in Co. Kerry. 
6 are living in the Kilgarvan parish   


1.   David Donovan, Gurtbrah, 1826 
2.   Darley Donovan, Crumpane, 1826
3.   Darby Donovan, Inchmore, Kilgarvan 1826
4.   Darby Donovan, Lummanagh North, 1826
5.   Denis Donovan, Meelagh, 1826  Denis is occupying the same land          as # 9 Tim Healy above.   Also #6 Daniel Donovan, below is on the
      same image.
6.   Daniel Donovan, Mangerton East, Kilgarvan 1826

My Conclusions
#6 Daniel Donovan listed above is probably Nellie's father because of the location Mangerton and year the year 1826. 
Nellie was born in 1826 in Mangerton to Daniel Donovan and Arabella McCarthy or Connor




Daniel Donovan, Tithe and Applotment Books, Mangerton East, Kilgarvan, Co. Kerry 1826.   Daniel Donovan is leasing property with Daniel Sullivan and Partners.    















September 23, 2019

Documentation

The documents for Maytor Healy, his wife Ellene Donovan and their children are found below.  

Records listing "family units" are almost non existent in Ireland.

The documents found in Ireland are Roman Catholic marriage and baptism records and Griffith Land Records.   Some sources are images of the actual record and some are only the indexed record of the image.

The United States records include immigration, birth, marriage, death, census records, obituaries, journals, newpaper articles, memories of decendents, and history books.  And finally, information was found on city, state, and national historical society webpages and Facebook groups.  Many online records (especially in Ireland) are only available in an indexed format.  This means the record is subject to the indexer's interpretation as well as the parameters of the indexing format program.  They should not be taken as absolutely 100% accurate all of the time.  
 
This is an ongoing adventure and as records are photographed and/or indexed,  and as more Healy descendants throughout the world share what they know by posting online, I am sure more of the puzzle will become clear.   It is my hope that someone will see my postings and will be able to add their insights, family stories, memories, and above all photographs!

You can contact me by email at alycearmstrong(@)gmail.com. I welcome your helpful input. 


All of the documents and information are listed in chronological order.

Links to the original document and source are added below each image.   Some of the links are to websites that require the viewer have a membership to access the record.   Some of the sites require a membership fee and I sincerely regret this.



Nellie Donovan, Baptism Record 19 June 1823, Mangerton, Kilgarvan, Co. Kerryfather Daniel Donovan, mother Arabella Connor, Sponsors Daniel H  and Catharine McCarthy.   Index is here

Nellie's baptism is recorded in the right column, 3rd from the top.

Daniel Donovan, Tithe and Applotment Record, Mangerton, Kilgarvan, Co. Kerry 1826.   Daniel is leasing land with Daniel Sullivan and Partners.  The Index for the above record is here




Date November 1843
Names Mathew Healy and Ellen Donovan
Address Mangerton
Witness 1 Daniel Donovan
Witness 2 Patrick Healy


The marriage is recorded in the right column, last entry
Here is the location of Mangerton, Kilgarvan, Co Kerry


Maria Healy
29 November 1844
Father Methei Healy
Mother Ellene Donovan
Address Knockeens

Sponsor 1 Daniel Gallivan
Sponsor 2 Belinda McCarthy

Here is the location of Knockeens, Kilgarvan, Co. Kerry

Mary Healy will immigrate to the United State with her mother and siblings, arriving in New York October 1862.   In June of 1863 she will marry the german immigrant, Bernard Hoppenyan in 1863.  After the Civil War they move to Ashland Wisconsin.   She will have eleven children.  


Co Kerry, Kilgarvan

Patrick Healy
19 February 1847
Father  Mathew Haly
Mother Helen Donovan
Address Knockeens
Sponsor 1 Patrick Haly
Sponsor 2 Mary Haly


Patrick Healy will become a successful businessman in Ogden Utah.   He will marry Mary Ann Patterson in 1875 and together they will have eight children, three will live to adulthood.   




Co Kerry, Parish Kenmare

Ellen Healy
12 April 1850
Father Matthew Healy
Mother Elizabeth Donovan
Address Cahir
Sponsor 1 John Sullivan
Sponsor 2 Helen Gallivan

The recording of the baptism is located in the right column, 10th down from the top.

Here is the link to the indexed of the above image as recorded at churchrecords.irishgeneology.ie


Ellen Healy will settle in the mining town of Leadville Colorado and marry Patrick Albert Kelly in 1878.   They will purchase a boardinghouse during the mining rush and name it the Healy House.  Ellen will invite her brother Daniel to join them in Leadville and together they manage the Healy House.   Ellen gives birth two three daughters, then dies in childbirth during the birth of her fourth child in 1895 at the age of 45.   She is buried in the St. Joseph Cemetery in Leadville with her husband Patrick Albert Kelly, her brother Daniel Healy and her cousin Nellie Healy.   






Co. Kerry, Parish Kenmare

Julia Healy
25 April 1852
Father Meater Healy
Mother Helen Donovan
Address Cahir
Sponsor 1 Jeremiah Murphy
Sponsor 2  Julia Gallivan
Priest - Reverend W. Horgan

Here is the link to the indexed record of the above image as found at churchrecords.irishgenealogy.ie


Julia Healy will immigrate with her mother and siblings at the age of 10 years.   She will marry James Wilson Young in 1872 at age 20 years and they will live in Marquette Michigan.   Together they will have two sons and two daughters.   


 

______________________________________________




Co. Kerry, Parish Kenmare
Arabella Healy
19 May 1854
Father Meateur Healy
Mother Helen Donovan
Address Cahir
Sponsor 1  John Sullivan
Sponsor 2  Arabella McCarthy
Priest  Reverend P. O'Connor


Arabella was named after her maternal grandmother and will be called Belinda and Belle during her life.   Belinda will immigrate to the United States at 7 years of age with her mother and siblings in 1862.   She will travel by land with her mother to Michigan and attend school in Hancock in 1870.   Bell will attend her sister Julia's wedding in Marquette Michigan to James Wilson Young in 1872.   Sadly she will die in your youth at the age of 24 years in Houghton, Michigan.   Belle was buried in the old St. Joseph Cemetery in Hancock.  Her father, Maytor and mother Nellie are buried next to her.   





_____________________________________________




Ireland Catholic Parish Registers for Maytor Healy, 6 April 1856

Co. Kerry, Parrish Kenmare

Maytor Healy
6 April 1856
Father Martin Healy

Mother Helen Donovan
Address Cahir
Sponsor 1 Daniel Healy
Sponsor 2 Helen Gallavan


Maytor's baptism is recorded in the right column, eighth entry from the bottom


Here is the link to the index of the above image found at churchrecords.irishgenealogy.ie


Maytor Healy was born in 1856 and he died in Ireland sometime before Nellie immigrated in 1862.   Maytor Healy's great grand daughter, Claire Healy Armstrong told her nephew Ken Armstrong in the 1990s about this son of Maytor and Nellie.   






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September 16, 2019

A Brief History of Ireland

IRELAND AND HISTORY - 1700 to 1850

The following is a briefly review of the history of Ireland [1] beginning at the start of the eighteenth century and ending in the mid-nineteenth century.
I am only touching upon issues directly related to the daily life of Maytor Healy and his immediate family.  During the eighteenth century Ireland was ruled by Britain but Ireland retained it's own parliament until it was dissolved on January 1, 1801  During the latter part of the eighteenth century there was a great degree of political upheavel and rebellion in northern Ireland.  Because Maytor Healy lived in rural, southern Ireland and was a tenant farmer with no land ownership or wealth he was removed from the possibility of involvement in the political uprising, violence and rebellion of the times. 
My sources are footnoted below if you wish to study in greater detail the history of Ireland.



"Ireland.   How do we understand the history of such a significant, yet such a geographically and demographically small nation?   To write the history of a nation is problematic at the best of times.   An instant problem for anyone writing a history of Ireland is to deal with the question of what is meant by the term 'Ireland'.   As a geographical concept, Ireland is straightforward.   The island of Ireland is a clearly definable landmass located in the eastern Atlantic.   Since the twelfth century, however, Ireland has been a contested area in political, religious and military terms.    There has been a continuous battle for control of the island.   At times thia has been an internal battle, while, more usually, the fortunes of Ireland have been linked to its proximity to, and problematic relationship with England or a British state dominated by England." 1

"Ireland was invaded by the Normans, ruled over by the crown, brought under the Union of a greater Britain, and finally partitioned so that one part views itself as Irish and sovereign, (southern Ireland) the other as British and loyal.  Throughout this history there has been a process of coercion, acceptance, assimilation, rebellion, positive choice, and a wlter of other attempts to make the different groups within and outside the island of Ireland agree on any one vision of the future." 1

"In Ireland, north and south, and for the Irish across the world, history is vitally important.  for the politically active, the history of previous generations provides martyrs, victories and a sense of being on the winning (or losing) side which they can transpose on their current situation.   For the millions around the world who claim Irish descent this history of famine, poverty, struggle and emigration provides a sense of belonging, idealistic notions of home, and the reassurance that they have successfully survived and prospered in a new oand, while never forgetting where they came from.   History is a ghost to be conjured up and used to justify many different ideas of Ireland, and whit it is to be Irish.  In this there is no one Irish history." 1  

"At the beginning of the eighteenth-century the concerns of Irelands economy was secondary to those of Britain.   Ireland had a good range of resourdes, a potentially profitable land stock, an easy access to the trading lanes of the sea and a geographical closeness to Britain so it should have entered the eighteenth century as a rapidly growing economy.   However, in the same manner that it controlled Irish parliamentary powers, Britain controlled and restricted Ireland's economic potential. 
In 1699 the London parliament passed legislation that would allow the export of woolen goods, an important part of Irish economic production only, into England.   Irish woollen goods could not be sold to any other country.   Additionally, any Irish woollen exports into England paid such excessive duties that the English market had been effectively closed for years.   The 1699 legislation destroyed the Irish woollen industry at a stroke.   The spirit of the legislation set the scene for English attitudes toward Irish economic affairs for the new century.   If the English parliament, or at least powerful groups that exerted influence onit, believed that the Irish posed an economic threat to England, then the imposition of legislation would be swift.   To counter the dismay felt by the Irish over the loss of their woollen industry, the English parliament encouraged the establishment of an effective, and mass scale, linen industry in Ireland.   The industry grew steadily over the eighteenth century but there was a difference - wool production had been a genuinely national business, and had covered most of the country.  While linen produced as as much wealth and employeed as many people it's production was centered on the north of Ireland.   The wealth and power that emerged from such an industry was concentrated on the hands of the large, non-Catholic population of Ulster.

The concentration of success in one area, and the loss of the woollen trade, effectively symbolised the problems of the Irish economy in the eighteenth century.   There was no industry or business that could be developed rapidly that was truly national and could bring about sustained levels of prosperity.  As a result the Irish were heavily dependent on agriculture; not only as a way to feed themselves, but also as the sole method available to produce wealth in the country. 

Another problem that Ireland faced as the eighteenth century progressed, was common across Europe: a rapid growing population.  At the beginning of the eighteenth century Ireland's population totalled no more than two million.   By the end of the eighteenth century it had more than doubled to five million and that figure would grow even more rapidly in the first half of the nineteenth century.   

The problems in Ireland that prevented the land from feeding its population and creating a surplus of wealth were numerous.   The single most important problem was the sheer scale of absenteeism.

Absentee landlords had long been a common feature of the Irish landscape.   The difficulties that had accompanied the process of invasion, repression and plantation meant that residence in Ireland was not an attractive prospect for those who had bought or had been granted land in Ireland.   It was easier for the landlords to appoint a middleman to administer the land.   This usually meant that the estates of landlords were broken into smaller plots and rented out at a very high charge, to the Irish.   The absentee landlord was then assured of an income, but free of the problems of developing the land, investing in it or having to live in Ireland.   By the eighteenth century the problem of absentee landlords had reached a crisis point." 1

The tenants on the land payed a high fee, were unsure of their tenure and constantly close to the bread line, additionally their fee was increased by the landlord for any improvements they make on the property - that the improvement of their land was not an option for them.

As the nineteenth century moved forward a greater number of people and less available land, resulted in smaller and smaller plots.    What land was available for rent was subdivided to such an extent that tenant farmers were trying to make a living, and feed their families, on the basis of two or three acres of land.   To make their rent, tenants would have to work in paid employment, something that was not freely available, and sell the best of the crops they produced on their own land.   In turn such a state of affairs meant that the Irish tenants looked to potatoes as the major source of their diet.   It was a crop that could be easily, and plentifully, farmed off a small plot of land.   There was no margin for error however.   With the tenants labor and their best crops sold, the potato crop had to succeed.   It was the lifeline of the tenants and their families.   When the potato crop failed in the 1720's and again in the early 1740's, the effects were devastating.

The failure of the potato crop in the 1740s cost tens of thousands of lives (contemporary reports talk of 400,000 dying of starvation).  In the eighteenth century, a dwindling amount of land available for cultivation, an increasing population, the profit-driven perspective of the absentee landlords and middlemen, and a lack of scientific application, all combined to make the conditon of Ireland at the end of the eighteenth century far worse than at the beginning. 

By mid-eighteenth century, the growth in the British population and increasing demand on their own agricultural industry meant that it could no longer keep pace.   Ireland offered a nearby, and easily controllable market, and so the previously high duties that had severly restricted the Irish cattle market was removed.   Such a decision had a profound effect on Ireland.   The amount of pasture was increased massively and land tenants were removed,  ( evicted ) from the land by the absentee landlords.   In the middle years of the eighteenth century, Ireland was rapidly transformed from a land of cultivation in to a land of pasture.   The process only served to exacerbate the problems that already existed. 

Sixty years previously London parliment had chosen to destroy one Irish industry, wool, because it threatened English profitability; in 1759 it chose to create an Irish industry, cattle, as England need more food.  The abject poverty of Irish rural-life increased as tenant farmers were evicted from their lands.

Alongside the abject poverty of eighteenth century Irish rural life, there was a steady growth of an affluent ascendancy lifestyle that was centered on the rapidly developing Irish towns and cities.   Much of the revenue that was created in Ireland went straight out of the country, and into the hands of the absentee landlords.   Because of the cheap availability of labor, and many raw materials in Ireland, the wealthy in Ireland were able to indulge there whims on a grand scale.   They built large in impressive Georgian mansions, planned-out town and city areas set around beautiful squares.   Trinity College in Dublin was developed as a centre of refinement and intellectual development.    In the eighteenth century the bulk of Dublin's appealing buildings, and it's basic shape, that still exists today was laid out by the elite ascendancy class.  A similar process, albeit on a small scale, was witnessed in Belfast and elsewhere in Ireland.

Such riches contrasted sharply with the extremes of poverty that existed across many parts of the country and created, in social terms at least, two Irelands.  One was wealthy, educated, and began to demand power and recognition for Ireland and the Irish parliament; the other was poor, weak and concerned solely with the maintenance of life.

1800 - THE GROWING ECONOMIC CRISIS

In the first half of the nineteenth century, the population of Ireland grew from under five million to over eight million by 1841.  Irish agriculture was not undergoing modernising transformation, mainly because of absentee landlordism.  Ireland's wealth was being exported to Britain.   The reality was that Irish agriculture could not cope with the challenge of extra mouths to feed.   While younger sons chose to emigrate rather than face subdividing a small land plot as each generation passed away.   The standard of living in Ireland especially for the Catholic peasantry, who relied on the land for their family income, dropped to a crisis point.  It is evident that many families survived on the thin line that existed between poverty and starvation.  For the Irish who were locked into such a cycle, there was little chance of escape.  For those who were not among the considerable number who chose to emigrate to the New World, especially to America, there was no choice but to stay on their small plot of land and try to survive.   There was no alternative employment in most parts of Ireland, few of the landlords appeared interested in the peasants' plight, and the government seemed unprepared to intervene. 

THE GREAT FAMINE 1845 - 1851 



















Sources

1.  Cronin, Mike; A History of Ireland, published 2001, Archive.org

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